EVALUATION OF DIURETIC AND SEDATIVE ACTIVITY FOR ETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF BASELLA ALBA L. VAR RUBRA
Abstract
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of health care known to mankind. Medicinal plants can be important sources of unknown chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects. The study of plant species with diuretic effects is still a fruitful research in search of new diuretic and sedative drugs. The present study was carried out to evaluate the diuretic and sedative effect of ethanolic extract of Basella alba (BAE) in wistar rats & mice by using Lipschitz model and Rota rod model respectively. The urine volume, electrolyte levels in rats and fall of time of mices from rota rod were measured. BAE showed significant (p<0.05) diuretic and sedative activity of two doses (100mg/kg & 200mg/kg, p.o) tested, When compared to control and drugs furosemide and diazepam respectively. Hence, the BAE possess diuretic and sedative activity.
Keywords:
Diuretic, urine volume, electrolytes, sedative, fall of time, furosemide, diazepam
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References
1. Cadwallader AB, de la Torre X, Tieri A, Botrè F "The abuse of diuretics as performance- enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis". British Journal of Pharmacology. September.2010;161 (1):1–16 .
2. Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM "Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics". Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. June 2010;8(6):793–802.
3. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System.
4. Du,Xiaoping. Diuretics Archived at the Wayback Machine Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago. 2006; 4(23):2-32.
5. Boron, Walter F. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 875. (2004); 4160(1):2328-3.
6. Ali SS, Sharma PK, Garg VK, Singh AK, Mondal SC. "The target-specific transporter and current status of diuretics as antihypertensive". Fundam Clin Pharmacol. Apr 2012; 26(2):9-17.
7. Liguori, A.; A. Casini; M. Di Loreto; I. Andreini; C. Napoli. "Loop diuretics enhance the secretion of prostacyclin in vitro, in healthy persons, and in patients with chronic heart failure". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999;55(2): 117–124.
8. Pharmacology. 2nd ed. Harvey,champe. 1996:p.56-58.
9. Brunton, Laurence Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies,. 2011; 5(6):543-546.
10. Shaukat Shah, M.D. Ibrahim Khatri, M.D.; Edward D. Fries, M.D. "Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics" American Heart Journal. 2002; 95 (5):35- 56.
11. "'Chemical cosh' will be cut for dementia sufferers". Telegraph.co.uk. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 12. 2015; 3(2):23-45.
12. Brown Ritchie E.; Basheer Radhika; McKenna James T.; Strecker Robert E.; McCarley Robert W. "Control of Sleep and Wakefulness". Physiological Reviews. 2012; 92(3): 1087–1187.
13. J. Am. Chem.Soc., Classification of psychotropic drugs as sedatives or tranquilizers using pattern recognition techniques . 1975; 97 (1):182–187.
14. Chang, Suk Kyu.; Hamilton, Andrew D. "Molecular recognition of biologically interesting substrates: Synthesis of an artificial receptor for barbiturates employing six hydrogen bonds". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1988;110(4):1318–1319.
15. Löscher, W.; Rogawski, M. A. "How theories evolved concerning the mechanism of action of barbiturates". Epilepsia. 2012; 2(53):12–25.
16. King, Wayne (April 19, 1989). "Abbie Hoffman Committed Suicide Using Barbiturates, Autopsy Shows". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007; 2(1):23-45.
17. NIH. "Secobarbital - Human Health Effects". Archived from the original on 2018; 1(02):1-22.
18. Olkkola KT, Ahonen J "Midazolam and other benzodiazepines". In Schüttler J, Schwilden H. Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 2008; 4(182): 335–60.
19. Stahl Y, Persson A, Petters I, Rane A, Theorell K, Walson P. "Kinetics of clonazepam in relation to electroencephalographic and clinical effects". Epilepsia. 1983; 24(2):225–31.
20. Wagner J, Wagner ML, Hening WA "Beyond benzodiazepines: alternative pharmacologic agents for the treatment of insomnia". Ann Pharmacother. 1998; 32(6): 680–91.
21. Stone JR, Zorick TS, Tsuang J "Dose-related illusions and hallucinations with zaleplon". Clin Toxicol (Philadelphia). 2007; 46(4):1–2.
22. Mohammed studied wound healing capacity of Basella alba, in male albino rats. They created burn wounds on the back of rats and treated them with Basella alba leafExtract in glycerin for about 20 days. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2014; (01):153-165.
23. Oyewole and Kalejaiye used agar cup method for the determination of antimicrobial effects of Basella alba ethanolic extracts “The antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of Basella alba on selected microorganisms” Scientific Journal of Microbiology. 2012; 1(5): 113-118.
24. Verma reviewed antiviral activity of many plant tissues. (Barbieri et al., 1993). All RIPs are with single chain (type I) or two chains (type II). Bolognesi (1997) isolated single chain (typeI) ribosome inactivating proteins from the seeds of Basella rubra Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences.2014; 1(01):153-165.
25. Kachchhava have performed anti inflammatory indicatingthatthe Basella alba has gastroprotective activity as activities of Basella alba extract on rats. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences.2018; 4(1):153-165.
26. Krishna inflammatory activity. Krishna employed cotton pellet induced gra nuloma method whileRodda et al.. ofcold macerated 50% ethanol extract ofBasella alba Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2018; 4(1):153-165.
27. Venkatalakshmi and Senthamaraiselvi Basella alba as an anti ulcer agent has the determination of antimicrobial effects of Basella alba ethanolic studied by Venkatalakshmi and Senthamaraiselvi. 2018; 4(1);pp,152-166.
28. Kumar evaluated ethanol extracts of Basella alba leaves on antiulceractivity in the rats subjected to pylorus ligation.leaves as gastroprotective activity on ulcerated rat. Aqueous extractsof B. alba leaves. Journal of Applied pharmaceutica sciences. 2018;4(1);153-165.
29. Deshpande induced gastric ulcersin the rats by the treatment ethanol and pyrolous and then the treated Aqueous extract of Basella alba at the dose of 500mg/kg Article in Journal of Natural Remedies.2003;3(2):156-163.
30. Anandrajagopal evaluated the CNS depressant activity of various solvent extracts of Basella alba aerial parts on Swiss albino mice of either sex.2011;3(4):157- 164.
31. Moundipa (Androgenic potential) evaluated the effects of aqueous plant extracts on male reproductive function in mature male albino Wistar rats. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2018; 4(1):153-165.
32. Nantia treated seventy days old Sprague- Dowley rats with the methanol extract of Basella alba (MEBA) fresh leaves to evaluate the effects on Leydig cell viability, on steroid production and aromatase mRNA level. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2018; 4(1):153-165.
33. Moundipa in vitro studied effects of extracts from Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba mixture on testosterone production in adult rat testes slices. Asian J Androl . 2006; 8 (1): 111–114.
34. Adekilekun Hepatoprotective activity studied the effects of Basella rubra aqueous leaf extract in Wistar albino rats and evaluated various parameters of kidney and liver. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2012; 2 (2):337-342.
35. Sonkar analyzed the effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Basella rubra leaf extracts for the determination of haematological parameters of normal Swiss mice and amylase activity in Wistar rats. Research Article (Deep Shikha Sonkar). 2012; 4(1):10-12.
36. Bamidele et al., performed the haematological/ hepatoprotective activity in Wistar albino rats JournalofAppliedPharmaceuticalScience. 2010; 4 (01):153-165.
37. Nirmala (Antidiabetic activity in relation with the antioxidant property) studied the hypoglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Basella rubra.2009; 4(01):153-160.
38. Nirmala studied the antioxidant properties of plant leaf extract and found that the levels of liver enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases and non enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione greatly increased in the animals treated with the Basella rubra pulp.2011;4(2),:154-165.
39. Reshmi evaluated the antioxidant properties of Basella alba fruit extracts using 1,1- diphenyl 2- picrylhydroxyl (DPPH), hydroxide and superoxide, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating, anti ferric chloride hydrogen peroxide system. International Journal of PharmTech Research 2012:902-911.
40. Anusuya lypolized and homogenized the aerial plant parts of Basella rubra into powder. They employed various in vitro assays, such as DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and nitric oxide. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science.2014; 4(01): 153-165.
41. Gunasekaran Baskaran Hypocholesterolemic and Anti atherosclerotic Potential of Basella alba Leaf Extract in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Rabbits This study was designed to investigate the hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of Basella alba. Research Article Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;5(6):87-96 .
42. Shankul, Kumar ,Systematic pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological review on an ethno medicinal plant, Basella alba L. Review article.53-54
43. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Basella alba ,"Red Stem Malabar Spinach Seeds". Park Seed.2008; P.236-9.
44. "Dictionary of Philippine Vegetables". Retrieved August 31, 2012. "Uses and Health Benefits of Alugbati / Malabar Spinach". foodrecap.net.2017; 3(2):1-7.
45. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.2004; 5(2):23-35.
46. Smith, G.R. and Sotiris Missailidis,. Cancer, inflammation and the AT1 and AT2 receptors. Journal of Inflammation. 2004; 1:3:10.1186/1476-9255-1-3.
47. Chou, C.T., The anti-inflammatory effect of TripterygiumwilfordiiHook F on adjuvant- induced paw edema in rats and inflammatory mediators release. Phytother Res. 1997; 1(3):152-154.
48. Saikia, A.P., V.K. Ryakala, P. Sharma, P. Goswami and U. Bora,. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by Assamese people for various skin ailments and cosmetics. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 10(6):149-157.
49. Beikmohammadi, M., Ethno Pharmacology and the Investigation of the Most Important Secondary Materials and the Comparison of Chemical Combinations of Essential Oil of Different Organs. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2011; 9(4): 486-495.
50. Pascaline, J., M. Charles, O. George, C. Lukhoba, L.N. Ruth and D.M. Solomon, Ethnobotanical survey and propagation of some endangered medicinal plants from south Nandi district of Kenya Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2010;8(3): 1016-1043.
51. Ramu, G., G. Krishna Mohan and K.N. Jayaveera, Preliminary investigation of patchaippasali mucilage (Basellaalba) as tablet binder. IJGP. 2011;5(1): 24-27
52. Taraghi, Z., H.D. Khezri, A.G. Baradari, M.A.H. Gorji, A. Sharifpour and M. Ahanjan, 2011. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Persica® Mouthwash in Mechanically Ventilated Icu Patients: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Tria. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2011; 10(5): 631-637.
53. Mayer, S. N. Readers Digest. 1982;121(723): 124-125.
54. Wafaa, A., S. Tawfik, Nahla Abdel-Azim, Abdel-Aaty A. Shahat, Nahed M. Hassan, Shams I. Ismail and M. Faiza Hammouda,. Chemical Investigation of Opuntia tuna Mill Growing in Egypt, Aust. J. Basic and Appl. Sci. 2009;3(1): 96-102.
55. Heinrichs, J., T. Pröschold, C. Renker, H. Groth and D.S. Rycroft, Plagiochilavirginica A. Evans rather than P. dubiaLindenb. and Gottsche occurs in Macaronesia; placement in sect. Contiguae Carl is supported by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2002; 230(3): 221-230.
56. Jayasree Tirumalasetty, Chandrasekhar. N and A. Naveen; Evaluation of diuretic activity of ethanol extract of Benincasa hispida stem in swiss albino rats Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 5(3):91-97.
57. Suresh Babu Sayana1, Christina2, Tambi Medabala3, Praveen S Patil4 Study Of Diuretic Activity Of Ethonolic Extract Of Leaves OF CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA inrats. Asian journal Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2014; l7(4):157-159.
58. Sofowara, A. Medicinal Plants and traditional Medicinal in Africa, JohnWilley and Sons Ltd., New York. 1982; 3(5):6.
59. Chitravadivu, C., M. Bhoopathi, T. Elavazhagan, S. Jayakumar and V. Balakrishnan,. Screening of antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant oils prepared by herbal venders, South India. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2009; 4(2):115-117.
60. Singh.D, Popinder,Studies on mucilage of Basellaalba Linn. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2010; 3(8): 1892-1894.
61. D.J. Pasto and C.R. Johnson, Laboratory Text for Organic Chemistry, 1979;pp.411.
62. Campbell, Mary K. & Shawn O. Farrell. Biochemistry. (4th ed.). Singapore: Thomson Asia Pte Ltd. 2005; 4(2):156-254.
63. Sal•kow•ski test (sahl kofґske)[Ernst Leopold Salkowski, German physiologic chemist, see under test Medical dictionary 1923; 8(1):167-844.
64. Svoboda, Gordon H.; Gorman, Marvin; Neuss, Norbert; Barnes, Albert J., Jr. "Alkaloids of Vinca rosea Linn. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don.) VIII. Preparation and characterization of new minor alkaloids", Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1961;50 (5):409–413.
65. Md. Moniruzzaman,1,2 Md. Atikur Rahman,2 and Afia FerdousEvaluation of Sedative and Hypnotic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Scoparia dulcis Linn. Evidence-Based complementary and alternative medicine.2015; 6(10):1-7.
66. Khanelwal K.R Practical Pharmacognosy 18th ed. Nirali Prakashan, Puna.2007:p. 149-156.
2. Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM "Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics". Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. June 2010;8(6):793–802.
3. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System.
4. Du,Xiaoping. Diuretics Archived at the Wayback Machine Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago. 2006; 4(23):2-32.
5. Boron, Walter F. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 875. (2004); 4160(1):2328-3.
6. Ali SS, Sharma PK, Garg VK, Singh AK, Mondal SC. "The target-specific transporter and current status of diuretics as antihypertensive". Fundam Clin Pharmacol. Apr 2012; 26(2):9-17.
7. Liguori, A.; A. Casini; M. Di Loreto; I. Andreini; C. Napoli. "Loop diuretics enhance the secretion of prostacyclin in vitro, in healthy persons, and in patients with chronic heart failure". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999;55(2): 117–124.
8. Pharmacology. 2nd ed. Harvey,champe. 1996:p.56-58.
9. Brunton, Laurence Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies,. 2011; 5(6):543-546.
10. Shaukat Shah, M.D. Ibrahim Khatri, M.D.; Edward D. Fries, M.D. "Mechanism of antihypertensive effect of thiazide diuretics" American Heart Journal. 2002; 95 (5):35- 56.
11. "'Chemical cosh' will be cut for dementia sufferers". Telegraph.co.uk. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 12. 2015; 3(2):23-45.
12. Brown Ritchie E.; Basheer Radhika; McKenna James T.; Strecker Robert E.; McCarley Robert W. "Control of Sleep and Wakefulness". Physiological Reviews. 2012; 92(3): 1087–1187.
13. J. Am. Chem.Soc., Classification of psychotropic drugs as sedatives or tranquilizers using pattern recognition techniques . 1975; 97 (1):182–187.
14. Chang, Suk Kyu.; Hamilton, Andrew D. "Molecular recognition of biologically interesting substrates: Synthesis of an artificial receptor for barbiturates employing six hydrogen bonds". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1988;110(4):1318–1319.
15. Löscher, W.; Rogawski, M. A. "How theories evolved concerning the mechanism of action of barbiturates". Epilepsia. 2012; 2(53):12–25.
16. King, Wayne (April 19, 1989). "Abbie Hoffman Committed Suicide Using Barbiturates, Autopsy Shows". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007; 2(1):23-45.
17. NIH. "Secobarbital - Human Health Effects". Archived from the original on 2018; 1(02):1-22.
18. Olkkola KT, Ahonen J "Midazolam and other benzodiazepines". In Schüttler J, Schwilden H. Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 2008; 4(182): 335–60.
19. Stahl Y, Persson A, Petters I, Rane A, Theorell K, Walson P. "Kinetics of clonazepam in relation to electroencephalographic and clinical effects". Epilepsia. 1983; 24(2):225–31.
20. Wagner J, Wagner ML, Hening WA "Beyond benzodiazepines: alternative pharmacologic agents for the treatment of insomnia". Ann Pharmacother. 1998; 32(6): 680–91.
21. Stone JR, Zorick TS, Tsuang J "Dose-related illusions and hallucinations with zaleplon". Clin Toxicol (Philadelphia). 2007; 46(4):1–2.
22. Mohammed studied wound healing capacity of Basella alba, in male albino rats. They created burn wounds on the back of rats and treated them with Basella alba leafExtract in glycerin for about 20 days. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2014; (01):153-165.
23. Oyewole and Kalejaiye used agar cup method for the determination of antimicrobial effects of Basella alba ethanolic extracts “The antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts of Basella alba on selected microorganisms” Scientific Journal of Microbiology. 2012; 1(5): 113-118.
24. Verma reviewed antiviral activity of many plant tissues. (Barbieri et al., 1993). All RIPs are with single chain (type I) or two chains (type II). Bolognesi (1997) isolated single chain (typeI) ribosome inactivating proteins from the seeds of Basella rubra Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences.2014; 1(01):153-165.
25. Kachchhava have performed anti inflammatory indicatingthatthe Basella alba has gastroprotective activity as activities of Basella alba extract on rats. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences.2018; 4(1):153-165.
26. Krishna inflammatory activity. Krishna employed cotton pellet induced gra nuloma method whileRodda et al.. ofcold macerated 50% ethanol extract ofBasella alba Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2018; 4(1):153-165.
27. Venkatalakshmi and Senthamaraiselvi Basella alba as an anti ulcer agent has the determination of antimicrobial effects of Basella alba ethanolic studied by Venkatalakshmi and Senthamaraiselvi. 2018; 4(1);pp,152-166.
28. Kumar evaluated ethanol extracts of Basella alba leaves on antiulceractivity in the rats subjected to pylorus ligation.leaves as gastroprotective activity on ulcerated rat. Aqueous extractsof B. alba leaves. Journal of Applied pharmaceutica sciences. 2018;4(1);153-165.
29. Deshpande induced gastric ulcersin the rats by the treatment ethanol and pyrolous and then the treated Aqueous extract of Basella alba at the dose of 500mg/kg Article in Journal of Natural Remedies.2003;3(2):156-163.
30. Anandrajagopal evaluated the CNS depressant activity of various solvent extracts of Basella alba aerial parts on Swiss albino mice of either sex.2011;3(4):157- 164.
31. Moundipa (Androgenic potential) evaluated the effects of aqueous plant extracts on male reproductive function in mature male albino Wistar rats. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2018; 4(1):153-165.
32. Nantia treated seventy days old Sprague- Dowley rats with the methanol extract of Basella alba (MEBA) fresh leaves to evaluate the effects on Leydig cell viability, on steroid production and aromatase mRNA level. Journal of Applied pharmaceutical sciences. 2018; 4(1):153-165.
33. Moundipa in vitro studied effects of extracts from Hibiscus macranthus and Basella alba mixture on testosterone production in adult rat testes slices. Asian J Androl . 2006; 8 (1): 111–114.
34. Adekilekun Hepatoprotective activity studied the effects of Basella rubra aqueous leaf extract in Wistar albino rats and evaluated various parameters of kidney and liver. European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2012; 2 (2):337-342.
35. Sonkar analyzed the effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Basella rubra leaf extracts for the determination of haematological parameters of normal Swiss mice and amylase activity in Wistar rats. Research Article (Deep Shikha Sonkar). 2012; 4(1):10-12.
36. Bamidele et al., performed the haematological/ hepatoprotective activity in Wistar albino rats JournalofAppliedPharmaceuticalScience. 2010; 4 (01):153-165.
37. Nirmala (Antidiabetic activity in relation with the antioxidant property) studied the hypoglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Basella rubra.2009; 4(01):153-160.
38. Nirmala studied the antioxidant properties of plant leaf extract and found that the levels of liver enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases and non enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione greatly increased in the animals treated with the Basella rubra pulp.2011;4(2),:154-165.
39. Reshmi evaluated the antioxidant properties of Basella alba fruit extracts using 1,1- diphenyl 2- picrylhydroxyl (DPPH), hydroxide and superoxide, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating, anti ferric chloride hydrogen peroxide system. International Journal of PharmTech Research 2012:902-911.
40. Anusuya lypolized and homogenized the aerial plant parts of Basella rubra into powder. They employed various in vitro assays, such as DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and nitric oxide. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science.2014; 4(01): 153-165.
41. Gunasekaran Baskaran Hypocholesterolemic and Anti atherosclerotic Potential of Basella alba Leaf Extract in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Rabbits This study was designed to investigate the hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of Basella alba. Research Article Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015;5(6):87-96 .
42. Shankul, Kumar ,Systematic pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological review on an ethno medicinal plant, Basella alba L. Review article.53-54
43. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Basella alba ,"Red Stem Malabar Spinach Seeds". Park Seed.2008; P.236-9.
44. "Dictionary of Philippine Vegetables". Retrieved August 31, 2012. "Uses and Health Benefits of Alugbati / Malabar Spinach". foodrecap.net.2017; 3(2):1-7.
45. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.2004; 5(2):23-35.
46. Smith, G.R. and Sotiris Missailidis,. Cancer, inflammation and the AT1 and AT2 receptors. Journal of Inflammation. 2004; 1:3:10.1186/1476-9255-1-3.
47. Chou, C.T., The anti-inflammatory effect of TripterygiumwilfordiiHook F on adjuvant- induced paw edema in rats and inflammatory mediators release. Phytother Res. 1997; 1(3):152-154.
48. Saikia, A.P., V.K. Ryakala, P. Sharma, P. Goswami and U. Bora,. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by Assamese people for various skin ailments and cosmetics. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 10(6):149-157.
49. Beikmohammadi, M., Ethno Pharmacology and the Investigation of the Most Important Secondary Materials and the Comparison of Chemical Combinations of Essential Oil of Different Organs. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2011; 9(4): 486-495.
50. Pascaline, J., M. Charles, O. George, C. Lukhoba, L.N. Ruth and D.M. Solomon, Ethnobotanical survey and propagation of some endangered medicinal plants from south Nandi district of Kenya Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 2010;8(3): 1016-1043.
51. Ramu, G., G. Krishna Mohan and K.N. Jayaveera, Preliminary investigation of patchaippasali mucilage (Basellaalba) as tablet binder. IJGP. 2011;5(1): 24-27
52. Taraghi, Z., H.D. Khezri, A.G. Baradari, M.A.H. Gorji, A. Sharifpour and M. Ahanjan, 2011. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Persica® Mouthwash in Mechanically Ventilated Icu Patients: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Tria. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 2011; 10(5): 631-637.
53. Mayer, S. N. Readers Digest. 1982;121(723): 124-125.
54. Wafaa, A., S. Tawfik, Nahla Abdel-Azim, Abdel-Aaty A. Shahat, Nahed M. Hassan, Shams I. Ismail and M. Faiza Hammouda,. Chemical Investigation of Opuntia tuna Mill Growing in Egypt, Aust. J. Basic and Appl. Sci. 2009;3(1): 96-102.
55. Heinrichs, J., T. Pröschold, C. Renker, H. Groth and D.S. Rycroft, Plagiochilavirginica A. Evans rather than P. dubiaLindenb. and Gottsche occurs in Macaronesia; placement in sect. Contiguae Carl is supported by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2002; 230(3): 221-230.
56. Jayasree Tirumalasetty, Chandrasekhar. N and A. Naveen; Evaluation of diuretic activity of ethanol extract of Benincasa hispida stem in swiss albino rats Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 5(3):91-97.
57. Suresh Babu Sayana1, Christina2, Tambi Medabala3, Praveen S Patil4 Study Of Diuretic Activity Of Ethonolic Extract Of Leaves OF CISSAMPELOS PAREIRA inrats. Asian journal Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2014; l7(4):157-159.
58. Sofowara, A. Medicinal Plants and traditional Medicinal in Africa, JohnWilley and Sons Ltd., New York. 1982; 3(5):6.
59. Chitravadivu, C., M. Bhoopathi, T. Elavazhagan, S. Jayakumar and V. Balakrishnan,. Screening of antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant oils prepared by herbal venders, South India. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2009; 4(2):115-117.
60. Singh.D, Popinder,Studies on mucilage of Basellaalba Linn. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2010; 3(8): 1892-1894.
61. D.J. Pasto and C.R. Johnson, Laboratory Text for Organic Chemistry, 1979;pp.411.
62. Campbell, Mary K. & Shawn O. Farrell. Biochemistry. (4th ed.). Singapore: Thomson Asia Pte Ltd. 2005; 4(2):156-254.
63. Sal•kow•ski test (sahl kofґske)[Ernst Leopold Salkowski, German physiologic chemist, see under test Medical dictionary 1923; 8(1):167-844.
64. Svoboda, Gordon H.; Gorman, Marvin; Neuss, Norbert; Barnes, Albert J., Jr. "Alkaloids of Vinca rosea Linn. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don.) VIII. Preparation and characterization of new minor alkaloids", Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1961;50 (5):409–413.
65. Md. Moniruzzaman,1,2 Md. Atikur Rahman,2 and Afia FerdousEvaluation of Sedative and Hypnotic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Scoparia dulcis Linn. Evidence-Based complementary and alternative medicine.2015; 6(10):1-7.
66. Khanelwal K.R Practical Pharmacognosy 18th ed. Nirali Prakashan, Puna.2007:p. 149-156.
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J D, D BSR, Y AK, K RK. EVALUATION OF DIURETIC AND SEDATIVE ACTIVITY FOR ETHANOLIC LEAVES EXTRACT OF BASELLA ALBA L. VAR RUBRA. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2020Feb.27 [cited 2025Apr.30];2(1):74-. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.com/index.php/journal/article/view/89
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