Review on Blepharospasam
Abstract
Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. the condition should be distinguished from the more common, and milder, Involuntaryquivering of an eyelid, known as myokymia. Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is craniofacial dyskinesia characterized by repeated, involuntary contractions of the orbicularisoculi, procerus, and corrugator muscles. The mechanism underlying benign essential blepharospasm is not yet clearly understood but is thought to be multifactorial, with a likely genetic component and an environmental trigger. It has been suggested that BEB may be partly due to abnormalities in the basal ganglia and dopaminergic system involving a subclinical loss of striatal dopamine.
Keywords:
Blepharospasm, Benign essential blepharospasm, orbicularisoculi, dystonia, dry eye, facial trauma
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. "Facts AboutBlepharospasm"(https://www.nei.nih.gov/health/blepha/blepharospasm). August 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2015(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blepharospasm)
2. Simpson, D. M.; Hallett, M.; Ashman, E. J.; Comella, C. L.; Green, M. W.; Gronseth, G. S.; Armstrong, M. J.; Gloss,D.; Potrebic, S.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B. P.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. T.; Yablon, S. A. (18 April 2016).
3. Houser M, Waltz T. Meige syndrome and pallidal deep brain stimulation. MovDisord. 2005 Sep. 20(9):1203-5. [Medline].
4. Peckham EL, Lopez G, Shamim EA, et al. Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(3):382–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Trebossen V, Bouaziz N, Benadhira R, Januel D. Transcranial direct current stimulation for patients with benign essential blepharospasm: a case report. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(1):201–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
6. Neuro-Ophthalmology, Section 5. Basic and Clinical Science Course, AAO, 2011-2012.
7. Price KM, Ramey NA, Richard MJ, Woodward DJ, Woodward JA. Can methylphenidate objectively provide relief in patients with uncontrolled blepharospasm? A pilot study using surface electromyography. OphthalPlastReconstr Surg. 2010;26(5):353–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
8. Defazio G, Martino D, Abbruzzese G, et al. Influence of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking on the risk of primary late onset blepharospasm: evidence from a multicenter case control study. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(8):877-879.
9. Adams WH, Digre KB, Patel BC, Anderson RL, Warner JE, Katz BJ (July 2006). "The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 142 (1): 82–87.
10. Goldman, Lee. Goldman's Cecil Medicine (24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 2429. ISBN 1437727883.
11. Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients. Ann Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr. 16(4):371-6. .
12. Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738986). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 75 (3): 506–07.
13. Georgescu D, Vagefi MR, McMullan TF, McCann JD, Anderson RL. Upper eyelid myectomy in blepharospasm with associated apraxia of lid opening. Am J Ophthalmol.2008;145(3):541-547.
14. Piyasena INAP; Jayasinghe JAC (March 2014). "Mosapride (5HT4 agonist) in the treatment of blepharospasm".Ceylon Med J. 59 (1): 26–27.
15. Ababneh OH, Cetinkaya A, Kulwin DR. Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2014 Apr. 42 (3):254-61. [Medline].
16. Battling Blepharospasm: Addressing Treatment Challenges (https://www.google.com/search?q=blepharospasm+medications&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjPu9-Bu4jmAhUQkXAKHd1JB5sQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=blepharospasm+MEDIC&gs_l=img.1.0.0i24l4.4452.10350..12247...0.0..0.160.1723.17j3......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......35i39j0j0i8i30.JutyX6A2SF4&ei=ymjdXc-uDpCiwgPdk53YCQ&bih=576&biw=1349&rlz=1C1RLNS_enIN823IN823&hl=en#imgrc=ZPVzWYZyzUhdlM.
17. Blackburn MK, Lamb RD, Digre KB, et al. FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm. Ophthalmology. 2009 May;116(5):997-1001.
2. Simpson, D. M.; Hallett, M.; Ashman, E. J.; Comella, C. L.; Green, M. W.; Gronseth, G. S.; Armstrong, M. J.; Gloss,D.; Potrebic, S.; Jankovic, J.; Karp, B. P.; Naumann, M.; So, Y. T.; Yablon, S. A. (18 April 2016).
3. Houser M, Waltz T. Meige syndrome and pallidal deep brain stimulation. MovDisord. 2005 Sep. 20(9):1203-5. [Medline].
4. Peckham EL, Lopez G, Shamim EA, et al. Clinical features of patients with blepharospasm: a report of 240 patients. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(3):382–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5. Trebossen V, Bouaziz N, Benadhira R, Januel D. Transcranial direct current stimulation for patients with benign essential blepharospasm: a case report. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(1):201–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
6. Neuro-Ophthalmology, Section 5. Basic and Clinical Science Course, AAO, 2011-2012.
7. Price KM, Ramey NA, Richard MJ, Woodward DJ, Woodward JA. Can methylphenidate objectively provide relief in patients with uncontrolled blepharospasm? A pilot study using surface electromyography. OphthalPlastReconstr Surg. 2010;26(5):353–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
8. Defazio G, Martino D, Abbruzzese G, et al. Influence of cigarette smoking and coffee drinking on the risk of primary late onset blepharospasm: evidence from a multicenter case control study. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(8):877-879.
9. Adams WH, Digre KB, Patel BC, Anderson RL, Warner JE, Katz BJ (July 2006). "The evaluation of light sensitivity in benign essential blepharospasm". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 142 (1): 82–87.
10. Goldman, Lee. Goldman's Cecil Medicine (24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 2429. ISBN 1437727883.
11. Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients. Ann Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr. 16(4):371-6. .
12. Wakakura M, Tsubouchi T, Inouye J (March 2004). "Etizolam and benzodiazepine induced blepharospasm" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1738986). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 75 (3): 506–07.
13. Georgescu D, Vagefi MR, McMullan TF, McCann JD, Anderson RL. Upper eyelid myectomy in blepharospasm with associated apraxia of lid opening. Am J Ophthalmol.2008;145(3):541-547.
14. Piyasena INAP; Jayasinghe JAC (March 2014). "Mosapride (5HT4 agonist) in the treatment of blepharospasm".Ceylon Med J. 59 (1): 26–27.
15. Ababneh OH, Cetinkaya A, Kulwin DR. Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2014 Apr. 42 (3):254-61. [Medline].
16. Battling Blepharospasm: Addressing Treatment Challenges (https://www.google.com/search?q=blepharospasm+medications&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjPu9-Bu4jmAhUQkXAKHd1JB5sQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=blepharospasm+MEDIC&gs_l=img.1.0.0i24l4.4452.10350..12247...0.0..0.160.1723.17j3......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......35i39j0j0i8i30.JutyX6A2SF4&ei=ymjdXc-uDpCiwgPdk53YCQ&bih=576&biw=1349&rlz=1C1RLNS_enIN823IN823&hl=en#imgrc=ZPVzWYZyzUhdlM.
17. Blackburn MK, Lamb RD, Digre KB, et al. FL-41 tint improves blink frequency, light sensitivity, and functional limitations in patients with benign essential blepharospasm. Ophthalmology. 2009 May;116(5):997-1001.
Published
31-12-2019
Statistics
414 Views | 339 Downloads
Citatons
How to Cite
1.
B S, Ch SR, Reddy D, K S. Review on Blepharospasam. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2019Dec.31 [cited 2024Oct.8];1(6):200-2. Available from: https://www.wjcmpr.com/index.php/journal/article/view/61
Section
Review Articles
Copyright © Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
